Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, encompassing their classification, structure, function, ecology, genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnological applications. Microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and microscopic algae. They play a crucial role in nature by participating in nutrient cycling, energy transformation, and interacting closely with human health, agriculture, industry, and the environment.

Research in microbiology spans a wide range of fields, from basic to applied sciences, aiming to understand the biological characteristics, ecological functions, and roles of microorganisms in disease, the environment, and biotechnology. Key research areas include microbial taxonomy and identification, metabolic and functional studies, host-microbe interactions, genetics and evolution, and applications in biotechnology and industry.